Who Rules Canada now?

As an expert in political systems and constitutional monarchies, I can provide an in-depth answer to your question regarding who rules Canada. It is important to understand that the term "rules" can be interpreted in different ways, but in the context of Canada's political structure, it refers to the roles and functions of various individuals and institutions within the framework of the Canadian constitution.
Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. This means that while the monarch is the head of state, the actual governance of the country is carried out by elected officials and appointed civil servants. The sovereign, in this case, Queen Elizabeth II, is a symbolic figure who represents the continuity and stability of the Canadian state. Her role is largely ceremonial, and she serves as a unifying figure for Canadians.
Since February 6, 1952, Queen Elizabeth II has been the reigning monarch of Canada. Her reign has seen significant changes in Canada's political landscape, including the patriation of the Canadian constitution and the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As the constitutional monarch, the Queen's powers are limited by the constitution and she acts on the advice of her Canadian ministers.
The heir apparent to the Canadian throne is Prince Charles, who is the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II. He holds the title of Prince of Wales and is expected to succeed his mother as the next monarch of Canada. However, the succession is not a matter of personal rule but a continuation of the hereditary line of succession.
The day-to-day governance of Canada is carried out by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is chosen from the political party that has the most seats in the House of Commons, which is the lower house of the Canadian Parliament. The Cabinet is composed of ministers who are appointed by the Prime Minister and are responsible for various portfolios such as finance, foreign affairs, and defense.
The Parliament of Canada is a bicameral institution consisting of the House of Commons and the Senate. The House of Commons is directly elected by the Canadian people, while the Senate is appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister. Both houses play a role in the legislative process, with bills passing through both chambers before being given royal assent by the Queen's representative, the Governor General.
The Governor General is the Queen's representative in Canada and carries out the monarch's duties on her behalf. The Governor General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister for a term of several years. This position is largely ceremonial, but the Governor General also has the power to dissolve Parliament and call elections.
It is also important to note that Canada is a federation, which means that power is divided between the federal government and the provinces. Each province has its own government, led by a Premier, and a legislative assembly. The provinces have jurisdiction over matters such as education, health care, and natural resources.
In conclusion, while Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign and the personification of the Canadian state, the actual governance and rule of Canada is carried out by elected and appointed officials within the framework of the Canadian constitution. The Prime Minister, the Cabinet, the Parliament, the Governor General, and the provincial governments all play crucial roles in the administration of the country.

The sovereign is the personification of the Canadian state and is Queen of Canada as a matter of constitutional law. The current Canadian monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth's eldest son, Prince Charles, is heir apparent.