How is good determined in the virtue theory?

Virtue ethics is a significant branch of moral philosophy that emphasizes the role of character and virtues in determining the moral worth of an action. The theory posits that the moral goodness of an action is not solely determined by its consequences or by adherence to a set of rules, but rather by the character traits that the action reflects. This approach is often contrasted with consequentialism, which focuses on the outcomes of actions, and deontological ethics, which is concerned with the adherence to moral rules or duties.

### Introduction to Virtue Ethics

To understand how good is determined in virtue ethics, it's essential to grasp the foundational principles of the theory. Virtue ethics traces its roots back to the ancient Greek philosophers, particularly Aristotle, who argued that the ultimate goal of human life is to achieve eudaimonia, often translated as 'happiness' or 'flourishing.' According to Aristotle, this state of flourishing is achieved by living a life of virtue, which he defined as a habituated disposition to act in accordance with reason.

### Key Concepts in Virtue Ethics

#### 1. Virtues as Central

The core concept in virtue ethics is the virtue itself. Virtues are seen as character traits that are valuable for their own sake and contribute to human flourishing. Examples of virtues include courage, wisdom, generosity, and honesty. These traits are not just passive qualities; they are active dispositions that guide moral behavior.

#### 2. Eudaimonia as the Goal

Eudaimonia, or human flourishing, is the ultimate end in virtue ethics. It is a state of being that is achieved by living a life that is virtuous and meaningful. This concept is central to understanding how virtue ethics evaluates actions.

#### 3. The Role of Phronesis

Phronesis, or practical wisdom, is another crucial element in virtue ethics. It is the ability to discern what virtues are required in a given situation and to act accordingly. Phronesis allows individuals to make morally sound decisions based on a deep understanding of the virtues and their application.

#### 4. The Mean and the Golden Mean

Aristotle introduced the concept of the "mean" as a way to understand how virtues operate. Virtues are seen as a mean between two vices, one of excess and one of deficiency. For example, courage is a virtue that lies between the vices of recklessness (excess) and cowardice (deficiency). The "Golden Mean" is the optimal point of balance that represents virtuous behavior.

### Determining Goodness in Virtue Ethics

Now, let's delve into how virtue ethics determines the goodness of an action:

#### 1. Virtuous Character

An act is considered morally right in virtue ethics if it is performed by a person with a virtuous character. This means that the action is not just a one-off event but is indicative of a consistent pattern of virtuous behavior.

#### 2. Development of Virtue

The act should contribute to the development or exercise of virtues. If an action helps an individual to cultivate virtues such as kindness or integrity, it is seen as morally good.

#### 3. Contextual Appropriateness

Virtue ethics takes into account the context of an action. What might be virtuous in one situation might not be in another. The appropriateness of an action is determined by how well it aligns with the virtues required in that specific context.

#### 4. Phronesis in Action

The exercise of phronesis is essential in determining the moral rightness of an action. It involves the application of practical wisdom to assess the situation and decide on the most virtuous course of action.

#### 5. Relation to Eudaimonia

Finally, the goodness of an action is also determined by its contribution to eudaimonia. Actions that lead to personal growth, fulfillment, and a well-lived life are considered morally good.

### Critiques and Considerations

While virtue ethics provides a rich framework for understanding moral behavior, it is not without its critiques. Some argue that the theory is too subjective, as it relies heavily on individual judgment and the cultivation of virtues, which can vary widely across cultures and individuals. Additionally, virtue ethics has been criticized for not providing clear, actionable rules for determining the rightness or wrongness of an action in the way that deontological or consequentialist theories do.

### Conclusion

In virtue ethics, the goodness of an action is determined by the virtues it reflects, the contribution it makes to the development of a virtuous character, and its alignment with the goal of eudaimonia. It is a nuanced approach that values the moral agent's character and the cultivation of virtues over strict adherence to rules or the evaluation of outcomes. Virtue ethics offers a holistic perspective on morality that emphasizes personal growth and the development of a virtuous character as the path to a morally good life.

Virtue ethics can be used to determine the rightness or wrongness of an action by relating the choice to admirable character traits: An act or choice is morally right if, in carrying out the act, one exercises, exhibits or develops a morally virtuous character.