How did Lawrence Kohlberg define morality?

Lawrence Kohlberg was a developmental psychologist who is best known for his theory of stages of moral development. His work built upon the earlier theories of cognitive development by Jean Piaget, focusing specifically on how individuals come to understand and apply moral principles. Kohlberg's theory suggests that moral reasoning evolves through a series of stages, each characterized by a distinct way of thinking about moral dilemmas.

Kohlberg identified six stages of moral development, which are grouped into three broader levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Each level represents a different way of understanding right and wrong.

### Pre-conventional Level
At the first stage, morality is based on punishment and obedience. Children at this stage follow rules to avoid punishment and because they have been told to do so. They do not yet have a sense of fairness or justice beyond avoiding negative consequences.

The second stage is characterized by an understanding of naive instrumentalism and exchanges. Children begin to recognize that there can be mutual benefits in following rules and that cooperation can lead to rewards. They start to understand the concept of reciprocity, but it is still largely based on what is immediately beneficial to themselves.

### Conventional Level
The third stage involves a good boy-nice girl orientation. At this level, individuals are motivated by a desire to be seen as a good person by others. They follow rules because they believe it is what is expected of them and because it leads to social approval and acceptance.

In the fourth stage, morality is based on law and order and the maintenance of social norms. Individuals at this stage understand that rules are important for the functioning of society and that following them contributes to the common good. They may still be motivated by the consequences of breaking rules, but they also recognize the importance of maintaining social order.

### Post-conventional Level
The fifth stage is characterized by a recognition of social contract and the idea that laws are made by people and can be changed. Individuals at this stage understand that there are universal ethical principles that can sometimes conflict with societal norms or laws. They are capable of critical thinking and can evaluate the moral implications of laws and rules.

Finally, at the sixth stage, individuals operate on a principled level, guided by universal ethical principles. This stage is marked by a commitment to abstract moral principles such as justice, equality, and human rights. Decisions are made based on a consistent set of moral principles, rather than societal norms or personal relationships.

Kohlberg's theory has been influential in understanding moral reasoning and development, but it has also been subject to criticism. Some argue that it is too rigid and does not account for cultural differences in moral reasoning. Others have pointed out that it may not adequately consider the role of emotions in moral decision-making.

Kohlberg believed that most individuals do not progress beyond the conventional level, and only a few reach the post-conventional level. He also suggested that the progression through these stages is influenced by cognitive development and the opportunity to engage in moral reasoning with others.

In summary, Kohlberg defined morality as a cognitive process that evolves through a series of stages, each characterized by a different approach to understanding and applying moral principles. His theory has provided a framework for understanding how individuals develop a sense of right and wrong and has been a significant contribution to the field of moral psychology.

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. Kohlberg began work on this topic while a psychology graduate student at the University of Chicago in 1958, and expanded upon the theory throughout his life.