What are the stages of development according to Erik Erikson 2024?
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Oliver Davis
Works at the International Maritime Organization, Lives in London, UK.
As a developmental psychologist, I specialize in understanding the intricate processes of human growth and change throughout the lifespan. One of the most influential theories in this field is Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory, which outlines eight stages of development that individuals experience from birth to old age. Each stage is characterized by a specific psychosocial crisis, which is a conflict that must be resolved for healthy development to proceed.
Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)
The first stage is about forming a sense of trust in the world. Infants need consistent care and attention to develop trust that their needs will be met. If their caregivers are unreliable, they may develop mistrust.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 years)
In this stage, toddlers begin to explore their environment, learning to assert their will and become more independent. They must navigate the balance between autonomy and the societal expectations that may lead to feelings of shame or doubt.
Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years)
Preschool-aged children start to plan and engage in more complex activities, initiating projects and taking on new challenges. They must overcome feelings of guilt that may arise from the consequences of their actions.
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 11 years)
During the school-age years, children develop skills and abilities, learning to take pride in their accomplishments. However, they may also compare themselves to others, leading to feelings of inferiority if they feel they are not as capable.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12 to 18 years)
Adolescents begin to form their own identity, exploring different roles and ideologies. They must resolve the crisis of identity versus role confusion, finding a sense of self that is independent of their parents and society's expectations.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood, 19 to 40 years)
Young adults seek to form deep, meaningful relationships. The challenge here is to achieve intimacy with others without losing one's sense of self, avoiding isolation that can come from a failure to connect.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 40 to 65 years)
In middle age, individuals focus on contributing to society and the next generation, whether through raising a family, mentoring, or creating a legacy. The crisis is between generativity and stagnation, where one may feel unfulfilled if they have not made a positive impact.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Maturity, 65 to death)
In the final stage, individuals reflect on their lives, seeking a sense of integrity and completeness. They may experience despair if they feel their life lacks meaning or they have not achieved what they had hoped.
Erikson's stages are not rigid and individuals may revisit earlier stages if they were not adequately resolved. The virtues associated with each stage—hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom—represent the strengths that individuals develop as they successfully navigate each crisis.
Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)
The first stage is about forming a sense of trust in the world. Infants need consistent care and attention to develop trust that their needs will be met. If their caregivers are unreliable, they may develop mistrust.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 years)
In this stage, toddlers begin to explore their environment, learning to assert their will and become more independent. They must navigate the balance between autonomy and the societal expectations that may lead to feelings of shame or doubt.
Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years)
Preschool-aged children start to plan and engage in more complex activities, initiating projects and taking on new challenges. They must overcome feelings of guilt that may arise from the consequences of their actions.
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 11 years)
During the school-age years, children develop skills and abilities, learning to take pride in their accomplishments. However, they may also compare themselves to others, leading to feelings of inferiority if they feel they are not as capable.
Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12 to 18 years)
Adolescents begin to form their own identity, exploring different roles and ideologies. They must resolve the crisis of identity versus role confusion, finding a sense of self that is independent of their parents and society's expectations.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood, 19 to 40 years)
Young adults seek to form deep, meaningful relationships. The challenge here is to achieve intimacy with others without losing one's sense of self, avoiding isolation that can come from a failure to connect.
Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 40 to 65 years)
In middle age, individuals focus on contributing to society and the next generation, whether through raising a family, mentoring, or creating a legacy. The crisis is between generativity and stagnation, where one may feel unfulfilled if they have not made a positive impact.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Maturity, 65 to death)
In the final stage, individuals reflect on their lives, seeking a sense of integrity and completeness. They may experience despair if they feel their life lacks meaning or they have not achieved what they had hoped.
Erikson's stages are not rigid and individuals may revisit earlier stages if they were not adequately resolved. The virtues associated with each stage—hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, and wisdom—represent the strengths that individuals develop as they successfully navigate each crisis.
2024-06-11 00:01:43
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Studied at Columbia University, Lives in New York City. Experienced marketer currently working for a global advertising agency.
StagesApproximate Age Virtues Psychosocial crisis Adolescence 13-C19 yearsFidelityIdentity vs. Role ConfusionEarly adulthood 20-C39 yearsLoveIntimacy vs. IsolationAdulthood 40-C64 yearsCareGenerativity vs. StagnationMaturity 65-deathWisdomEgo Integrity vs. Despair4 more rows
2023-06-17 17:28:19
Lucas Jackson
QuesHub.com delivers expert answers and knowledge to you.
StagesApproximate Age Virtues Psychosocial crisis Adolescence 13-C19 yearsFidelityIdentity vs. Role ConfusionEarly adulthood 20-C39 yearsLoveIntimacy vs. IsolationAdulthood 40-C64 yearsCareGenerativity vs. StagnationMaturity 65-deathWisdomEgo Integrity vs. Despair4 more rows
