How do you check for thyroid cancer?

As a medical professional with expertise in endocrinology, I would like to provide a comprehensive overview of the steps involved in checking for thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the thyroid gland, which is located in the front of the neck. It is important to note that not all thyroid nodules are cancerous; in fact, most are benign. However, it is crucial to identify those that may be malignant to ensure appropriate treatment.
Step 1: Physical Examination
The process of checking for thyroid cancer typically begins with a physical examination. A healthcare provider will feel the patient's neck to check for any enlargement or nodules in the thyroid gland. This can be done during a routine check-up or if the patient reports symptoms such as a lump in the neck, difficulty swallowing, or changes in their voice.
Step 2: Diagnostic Imaging
If a nodule is detected, the next step is often diagnostic imaging. An ultrasound is a common and non-invasive method used to visualize the thyroid gland and the nodules within it. Ultrasound can help determine the size, shape, and consistency of the nodules, which can be indicators of whether they are likely to be cancerous.
Step 3: Thyroid Function Tests
Blood tests may be ordered to evaluate the function of the thyroid gland. These tests measure the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and other thyroid hormones in the blood. Abnormal levels can suggest a problem with the thyroid, even if a nodule is not present.
**Step 4: Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) Biopsy**
If imaging and blood tests suggest a nodule may be cancerous, the next step is often a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. This procedure involves using a thin, hollow needle to extract cells from the nodule. A local anesthetic may be injected into or around the neck area to minimize discomfort. Using ultrasound to guide needle placement, your doctor takes several samples of the nodule or tumor. These samples are then examined under a microscope to look for signs of cancer.
**Step 5: Consideration of Nodule Characteristics**
It's important to consider the characteristics of the nodule. As mentioned earlier, hot nodules, which are nodules that take up iodine more actively than the surrounding thyroid tissue, do not generally require biopsy. This is because they are less likely to be cancerous. However, all nodules should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate course of action.
Step 6: Additional Testing
In some cases, additional testing may be necessary. This can include a nuclear medicine scan, which uses a small amount of radioactive material to create images of the thyroid gland, or a biopsy of the lymph nodes in the neck if there is suspicion of cancer spread.
Step 7: Treatment Planning
If thyroid cancer is diagnosed, the treatment plan will be developed based on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, external beam radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy.

In conclusion, checking for thyroid cancer involves a multi-step process that begins with a physical examination and may include imaging, blood tests, biopsy, and additional testing. It is essential to follow the guidance of healthcare professionals throughout this process to ensure an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Hot nodules do not generally require biopsy. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is one way of diagnosing thyroid cancer. A local anesthetic may be injected into/around the neck area. Using ultrasound to guide needle placement, your doctor takes several samples of the nodule or tumor.Jul 6, 2016