Do muscles need oxygen to move?

As an expert in the field of exercise physiology, I can explain that muscles primarily use oxygen to produce energy during prolonged, moderate-intensity activities. However, for short bursts of high-intensity activity, muscles can operate in an anaerobic state, meaning without oxygen. Here's a detailed explanation: Muscles can perform work through two main pathways: aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic exercise relies on oxygen to generate energy by breaking down glucose and fatty acids in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary energy currency for cells. This process occurs in the mitochondria and is sustainable for longer durations as it doesn't quickly deplete muscle energy stores. On the other hand, anaerobic exercise occurs when the demand for energy exceeds the oxygen supply. In this case, muscles use a quicker process that doesn't require oxygen to produce ATP. This process, known as glycolysis, breaks down glucose into ATP but also results in the production of lactic acid, which can lead to muscle fatigue if not cleared efficiently. While anaerobic exercise can sustain activity temporarily, muscles will eventually fatigue as they run out of energy. Oxygen is crucial not just for the aerobic energy production but also for recovery. After intense exercise, the body uses oxygen to restore ATP levels and to help the liver convert lactic acid back into a form that can be used for energy, thus aiding in recovery. In summary, while muscles can move without oxygen for a short period through anaerobic means, oxygen is essential for sustained movement and recovery.

Unfortunately, anaerobic exercise can only sustain temporarily before your muscles run out of energy completely and become fatigued. Oxygen also plays a huge role in the recovery process because it helps restore pre-exercise ATP levels and helps your liver break down lactic acid into simple carbohydrates.